Appendices

LANGUAGES IN GERMANY

The following Living Languages are spoken in Germany and bordering lands. Each consists of several distinct regional dialects, which are given in parentheses; most characters should take the appropriate one as a specialty. For West Norse and French, only the dialects commonly encountered in Germany have been listed. Educated or well-traveled speakers will have tried hard to rid themselves of their dialect, and may have standard specialties (see Ars Magica 5th Edition, page 66).

High German (Swabian, Franconian, Bavarian, Swiss, Yiddish)

Low German (Saxon, Pomeranian, Friesian, Flemish)

West Slavonic (Sorbian, Polish, Czech, Slovak)

West Norse (Danish) French (Norman)

High German is spoken by the largest number of people, in the central and southern areas of Germany. Yiddish, a hybrid of High German and Hebrew, is the mother tongue of German Jews, who mostly live in city enclaves. Low German is spoken in the northern lowlands of Germany, and the Saxon dialect is becoming the lingua franca for Baltic trade. Norman French (a dialect of the northern French language referred to as Langue d'oil) is spoken in the western parts of Lower and Upper Lorraine. Sorbian (Wendish) is the language of the Sorbs (Wends), and is spoken in Lusatia and Rügen, and partly in Brandenburg and Pomerania. Czech is spoken in Bohemia and Moravia. However German migration into the Eastern Marches means that either High or Low German is likely to be understood to some extent by the middle and upper classes.

These languages are inter-related to some extent, and the speaker of one language may find the speaker of another language intelligible. The following modifiers apply to the base language (ignore dialect specialties, if applicable):

Same language, different dialects: –1 penalty to both speakers

High German vs Low German: –2 penalty to both speakers

High German (Yiddish only) vs Hebrew: –2 penalty to both speakers

Low German vs West Norse: –3 penalty (only –2 if Saxon dialect) to both speakers

Low German vs English: –3 penalty (only –2 if Friesian dialect) to both speakers

High German vs West Norse or English: –4 penalty to both speakers

Exempli gratia: A character with High German 5 (Bavarian) speaks to fellow Bavarians with an effective score of 6, High German speakers with no dialect with an effective score of 5, Franconians with an effective score of 4, all Low German speakers with a effective score of 3, and can even communicate basic concepts to Englishmen (effective score 1).

DEAD LANGUAGES

East German (Gothic, Vandalic, Burgundic)

A list of suggested medieval German names is given below. Names in bold are those most commonly occurring; some names have an English equivalent that is listed in parentheses.

MALE NAMES

Adam, Adolf, Albert, Albrecht, Andreas (Andrew), Anshelm, Arnold, Arnulf, Augustin, Baldermar, Baldwin, Bartel, Berchtold, Bernhard, Berthold, Bertram, Burgolt, Burkhard, Caspar, Christoph, Clemens (Clemence), Conrad, Daniel, David, Dideric, Dietmar, Dietrich, Ditwin, Eberhard (Edward), Eckehard, Eginolf, Emelric, Erwin, Fabian, Franz (Frank), Friedebert, Friederich (Frederick), Gerhard, Gerlac, Gotschalg, Gottfried (Godfrey), Gotwin, Gregor (Gregory), Günther, Guntram, Hagen, Hans, Hartmann, Hartmut, Heinrich (Henry), Heidolf, Helfric, Herbord, Hermann, Hertwig, Hildebrand, Holger, Hugo, Jacob, Johannes (John), Jörg (George), Karl (Charles), Lambert, Lorenz (Laurence), Ludold, Ludwig (Louis), Lukas (Luke), Marcus (Mark), Martin, Mathias (Matthew), Meffrid, Meingot, Merbot, Michael, Nicolaus, Nidung, Ortlieb, Ortolf, Ortwin, Oswald, Otto, Paul, Peter, Philipp, Reinhart (Richard), Rupert, Rüdiger, Rudolf, Ruprecht, Siegfried, Sigenand, Sigmund, Sifrid, Stefan (Stephen), Simon, Theoderich (Theodore), Thomas, Traugott, Tristram, Trutwin, Ulrich, Urban, Valten, Vincent, Volker, Volkmar, Walther, Wecelo, Werner, Wiker, Wilhelm (William), Wilrich, Wigand, Winand, Withekind, Wittich, Wolfhart, Wolfgang, Wolfram, Wolkan.

FEMALE NAMES

Adelheid (Adelaide), Adelinde, Agathe (Agatha), Agnethe, Agnes, Alice, Almut, Amalie, Andrea, Anna (Anne), Barbara, Beate, Benedicta, Berchte, Berta, Binhild, Bringfriede, Brunhilde, Cecilia, Clare, Clothilda, Constanze (Constance), Christine, Demut, Dorothye, Elisabeth, Else, Enede (Enith), Engeltraud, Friederica, Fye, Gele, Gerdhild, Gertrud (Gertrude), Grete, Guda, Gudrun, Gunhilda, Hannelore, Hedwig, Heidindrud, Heike, Helga, Henrike, Herlinde, Hilda, Hildeburg, Hildegard, Ilsa, Inge, Ingrid, Irmele, Irmeltrud (Ermintrude), Irmgard, Isentrude, Jutte, Judith, Karlotte (Charlotte), Katherine, Kriemhild, Kunegunde, Liphild, Lisa, Lucie, Margarethe (Margaret), Marie (Mary), Mechthild (Mathilda), Meckil, Olinda, Osanna, Ottilie (Odelia), Reinhed, Ricarda, Romilda, Rosamund, Serhilda, Siegfrida, Sieglinde, Sofie (Sophie), Susanna (Susan), Trude, Ulrike, Ursula, Ute, Veronica, Wilhelmina, Winfrida.

This appendix provides a summary of the major events of mundane and mythic history in the Rhine Tribunal, and a short excursus into the future.

53 BC Julius Caesar produces the first written account of the German peoples.

51 BC Caesar successfully concludes his campaign in Gaul. The lands immediately to the west of the Rhine are conquered and divided into the provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior.

38 BC Establishment of a Roman settlement at the site of Cologne.

16 BC Roman founding of Augusta Treverorum (Trier) as a regional capital. This is the oldest city in Germany and predates the Romans.

13 BC Founding of Moguntiacum (Mainz).

9 AD The Roman legions are defeated by the Cheruscan hero Arminius (Hermann) at the Teutoburger Forest.

50 Colonia Agrippensis (Cologne) becomes a city.

51-96 Construction of the limes fortifications, which secures Roman territory in the lands beyond the Rhine and the Danube, Germania Magna; the 2nd century AD marks the greatest extent of the Roman empire.

64 Establishment of a Mercurian temple at the later site of Durenmar in the Black Forest. The priests of Mercury attempt to usurp the primeval power of the Hercynian Forest that covers most of Germany.

74 The Black Forest Road is completed with the aid of Mercurian priests.

98 Tacitus writes Germania.

3rd century The Romans abandon the limes and retreat in the face of repeated attacks by Franks, Alemanni, and Goths.

306-337 Augusta Treverorum (Trier) reaches its zenith under the rule of Constantine the Great, becoming capital of the western Roman empire; construction of the Cathedral of St. Peter, the oldest church in Germany.

341 Some of the Goths convert to Christianity; Wulfilas becomes the first German bishop and translates the bible to Gothic.

4th century The Huns begin invading Europe.

413 The Burgundians settle in the city of Worms on the Rhine.

430-453 Events from the Nibelungenlied: the great knight Siegfried arrives in Worms, weds Kriemhild, and is later slain.

445 Attila murders his brother and becomes undisputed leader of the Huns.

451 Attila conquers the Burgundians at Worms and weds the widowed Kriemhild.

451 The Battle of Chalons an alliance of Romans, Franks, and Visigoths lead by the legendary Merovech defeat the Huns and Ostrogoths in Gaul, ending Attila's westward conquests.

452 Pope Leo miraculously saves the city of Rome from the army of the Huns.

453 The Burgundians war on the Huns and are destroyed; Attila the Hun is killed.

455 The Vandals sack Rome.

470-485 Successful campaigns of the Visigoth king Euric across western Europe.

476 Fall of the western Roman empire as Italy is conquered by the Gothic king Odovacar; the beginning of the Dark Ages.

481 Clovis, a Gifted descendent of Merovech, rises to become king of the Franks; the start of the Merovingian dynasty.

496 Clovis is baptized and becomes the first Christian Frankish king. His people follow suit, although paganism takes centuries to fade among the Franks.

507 Clovis has by now defeated the Romans, the Burgundians, and the Visigoths, united the Franks, and established a capital in Paris.

511 Death of Clovis, though his magical lineage endures.

561 Under Chlotar, son of Clovis, the Frankish kingdom has grown to include all of Provence, Burgundy, and Swabia.

567 Sigebert wars on Chilperic; the Frankish kingdom fractures and becomes corrupted.

594 St. Gregory of Tours writes the Historia Francorum (History of the Franks).

687 Pepin "the Large," of the Frankish mayoral dynasty, gives himself the title Dux et Princeps Francorum, and rules most of the Frankish empire. The power of the Merovingian kings is by now insignificant — they are little more than puppets.

7th and 8th centuries Irish and British missionaries begin work in the pagan lands of Germany to the north and east of the land of the Franks — Frisia, Saxony, and Bavaria.

718 The English monk St. Boniface begins his missionary work throughout Germany.

725 St. Boniface miraculously fells the Donar Oak, a great pagan relic, in Thuringia. The potency of pagan magics and relics begins to wane throughout the land, as does belief in the Old Ways. The power of the great Hercynian Forest is broken and divided among the numerous lesser and separate forests it has become.

731 Trianoma meets Bonisagus in his Alpine cave, becomes his apprentice, and learns his great invention, the Parma Magica.

731-767 Trianoma travels widely and contacts numerous wizards who visit with Bonisagus — many of these become Founders. Learning from his visitors, Bonisagus gradually improves his unified system of magic. The mysterious maga Merinita comes out of the wilderness and convinces the sorceress Bjornaer to abandon her shapeshifting tradition and join the new Order. Bjornaer is condemned by her former fellows, including the sorceress Gyongy.

738 Charles Martel, illegitimate son and successor of Pepin II, campaigns successfully against the barbarian tribes.

742 Birth of Charles (later Charlemagne), son of Pepin III.

751 Pepin III "the Short" becomes king proper, crowned by St. Boniface; the start of the Carolingian dynasty, as the last of the Merovingians is retired to a monastery. He is the first king to seek the Pope's anointment.

754-756 Pepin III campaigns south of the Alps and conquers Lombardy, establishing a German presence in Italy.

754 St. Boniface is martyred; he is buried in Fulda.

754-767 Bonisagus travels to Durenmar in the Black Forest and establishes a permanent base at the site of a ruined Mercurian temple, where there is room for many magi to work together.

767 Foundation of the Order of Hermes at Durenmar. Bonisagus and the other Founders swear the Oath of Hermes. The first Tribunal gathering takes place.

767-773 Flambeau departs Durenmar with a number of his apprentices to found the covenant of Val-Negra in the Pyrenees. Several other magi also depart after the Founding and establish other covenants, based on the Durenmar model.

768 Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks.

771 Bjornaer and her followers travel to the island of Rügen and hold a council. Thereafter, House Bjornaer holds a gathering there every twelve years.

772-782 Charlemagne campaigns at length against the pagan Saxons, and eventually conquers and subdues them. The defeated Saxons face either baptism or death.

773 Second Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes. Procedures for lesser Tribunals are established: a Tribunal shall consist of at least twelve magi from at least four covenants. Founding of the covenants of Crintera, domus magna of House Bjornaer, and Fenistal, domus magna of House Merinita.

774 Charlemagne defeats Desiderius and becomes king of Lombardy. He confirms the "donation" of these lands to the Pope, and becomes protector of the Church.

780 Inaugural Rhine Tribunal of 919 at Durenmar: Founding of the covenants of Arae Flaviae in Swabia and Rethra in the Eastern Marches.

782 Charlemagne initiates schooling in the Frankish kingdom, and promotes literacy and education.

788-791 Charlemagne campaigns successfully in Slavic lands.

789 The Founder Jerbiton meets with Charlemagne, after having adopted a number of apprentices of the emperor's mage-smith, Carolinus. Charlemagne issues a decree outlawing sorcery and paganism, but permits "benevolent magic" such as that practiced by Jerbiton.

792 The last recorded sighting of the Founder Merinita — she departs to places unknown to seek the spirit of the wilderness. With the loss of its Founder, the covenant of Fenistal is the first to slip into Winter. The new Primus Quendalon founds Irencillia.

799 Amongst numerous administratia, Charlemagne initiates the office of "Count Palatine," a chief justice.

799 Third Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes. Following this, Quendalon, the first Primus of House Merinita, enters faerie woodlands in Bohemia, leaving Myanar in charge of the House.

800 Charlemagne is crowned emperor in Rome; re-establishment of the western (Holy) Roman Empire.

801-802 Quendalon reappears, but Myanar refuses to recognize him as the true Quendalon. An internal struggle ensues in House Merinita, resulting in the death of Myanar and the loss of Fenistal. Irencillia becomes the new domus magna of House Merinita, which becomes dominated by faerie magic. The Elder Gild splits from the Hawthorn Gild.

807 The Founder Tytalus enters the Maddenhofen Woods in Bohemia to challenge the Queen of Faerie, and is not seen thereafter.

814 Death of Charlemagne; he is succeeded by his remaining son Louis "the Pious."

817 Fourth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

831 Gathering of Twelve Years at Crintera: Bjornaer speaks her final words to the magi of her House and disappears into the forest in bear-form.

832 Fifth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes. From henceforth, Grand Tribunals will meet every 33 years, regional Tribunals every 7 years from 836 AD.

840-855 Reign of Lothar I.

843 The Treaty of Verdun ends four years of civil war amongst the grandsons of Charlemagne — his empire is divided among them.

850-948 Hercynius establishes a lineage of Bonisagus magi, and attracts others to his teaching.

855-875 Reign of Louis II.

857 Rhine Tribunal of 996 AA: The spirits of three Twilight magi famously return to the Tribunal gathering.

865 Sixth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes. The boundaries of the Tribunals are formally set according to the break up of the Frankish Empire; they are also named as the Rhine, Normandy, Provencal, Britannian, Roman, Theban, Eastern, and Greater Alps Tribunals.

875-877 Reign of Charles II "the Bald." 878 Rhine Tribunal of 1017 AA: The Tribunal adopts firm rules concerning the voting of "retired" magi, ending two decades of controversy.

881 Charles III "the Fat" becomes emperor. By now the empire is beset by attacks from Norsemen.

885 Rhine Tribunal of 1024 AA: The Tribunal abolishes Arae Flaviae and Schwarzburg, and agrees to strict rules for the establishment of new covenants.

887 Charles III is deposed and the Frankish empire is split into five kingdoms, of which only one is still ruled by a Carolingian, Arnulf of Carinthia. He forces the other, Norse, kings to pay him homage.

896 Arnulf of Carinthia is crowned emperor.

898 Seventh Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

899 Arnulf dies seemingly of a stroke under suspicious circumstances; two hedge wizards are convicted of his murder and executed.

910 The empire is beset by attacks from all sides; Hungarians defeat Louis "the Child" at Augsburg.

919 Henry I "the Fowler" of Saxony is elected king.

929 Henry I issues a decree appointing his son Otto as sole king and heir, so ending the Frankish tradition of shared inheritance.

931 Eighth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

933 Henry I defeats the Hungarians at Riade.

936 Death of Henry I; Otto I "the Great" crowned.

941 Rhine Tribunal of 1080 AA: The Rowan Gild is founded by all the followers of House Diedne in the Tribunal, formerly part of the Hawthorn Gild.

955 In a great victory, Otto I inflicts a final and decisive defeat on the Hungarians at Lechfeld.

955-973 The Slavs and Danes are converted to Christianity. New bishoprics are founded in the Eastern Marches and in Denmark. A number of pagan Slavs retreat to Rügen.

962 Otto I is crowned emperor in Rome.

964 Ninth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

973-983 Reign of Otto II.

983-1002 Reign of Otto III. 990 Followers of Hercynius leave Durenmar to found Waldherz; first a chapter house, later a (disputed) covenant.

993 Magi from Crintera and Rethra sponsor the formation of the covenant of Grand Silesia, the easternmost expansion of the Order to date. The Bjornaer magi of Grand Silesia, along with the Bonisagi of Waldherz, join the Rowan Gild.

997 Tenth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

1002-1024 Reign of Henry II.

1004 Rhine Tribunal of 1143 AA: The entirety of the Rowan Gild is Marched, sparking the Schism War in the Rhine Tribunal. Magi of Tremere and Flambeau destroy the covenants of Oakdell and Waldherz.

1008 A group of Slavic covenants, including Rethra and Grand Silesia, break ties with their sponsors and declare themselves to be members of the New Slavonic Tribunal. Grand Silesia is destroyed in the same year.

1018 Rhine Tribunal of 1157 AA: The Schism War is declared to have ended. The Linden Gild arises over the next couple of decades.

1024-1039 Reign of Conrad II; the start of the Salian dynasty. He reaffirms the principle of sole inheritance, campaigns successfully in Italy, and wins the Burgundian crown.

1030 Eleventh Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes. The New Slavonic Tribunal is given formal authority over the settlement of new covenants in Slavic lands, despite protests from the Rhine Tribunal.

1037 Conrad II defeats Odo of Champagne in a massive battle at Bar in Upper Lorraine.

1037 Introduction into the German feudal system of ministeriales (unfree knights).

1039 Rhine Tribunal of 1178 AA: The covenant of Fengheld is founded in the Harz Mountains, with the approval of the Tribunal, by veteran Tremere and Flambeau magi returning from the end of the Schism War in Britannia.

1039-1056 Reign of Henry III. He campaigns against, and secures the loyalty of Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary.

1048: Aschlaranda, formerly of Waldherz, reappears at Durenmar.

1052 In the New Slavonic Tribunal, a number of Bjornaer magi formerly at Grand Silesia settle at the covenant of Pripet Maior. A cross-Tribunal alliance develops between Crintera and Pripet Maior.

1053 Rhine Tribunal of 1192 AA: The "Guardians of the Forest" ruling is made. Dankmar is occupied by Aschlaranda and her apprentice Schadrit, but is not recognized by the Tribunal due to Durenmar's influence.

1056-1106 Reign of Henry IV.

1063 Twelfth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes. Wishing to rein in the power of the Rhine Tribunal, the Grand Tribunal rejects its claim over the Polish territory left by the fall of the Covenant of Grand Silesia. This land (along with all Slavic lands) is granted to the New Slavonic Tribunal.

1067 Rhine Tribunal of 1206 AA: The covenant of Roznov is founded, and Dankmar finally achieves recognition as a Rhine covenant.

1074 The Peace of Gerstungen — Henry IV is forced to return the seized territory around Goslar to the Saxons.

1077 Henry IV is humiliated by Pope Gregory VII at Canossa.

1084 Henry IV returns to Rome and is crowned emperor.

1085 A major raid against Durenmar by forces of the King of the Black Mountain, a powerful faerie lord of the Black Forest, results in the death or capture of a number of Bonisagus magi and many covenfolk. (None of those captured are ever returned and their fate is unknown.)

1096 The First Crusade — Crusaders destroy the Jewish quarter of Worms; there are massacres of Jews in Worms, Speyer, Cologne, Trier (where many choose suicide by drowning instead of forced baptism), Mainz (where many commit ritual suicide with knives in the episcopal palace), and Bohemia. Henry IV attempts to punish those responsible but is not supported by the Church.

1096 Thirteenth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

1098 Birth of Hildegard of Bingen.

1106-1125 Reign of Henry V, the last of the Salian dynasty.

1122 Proclamation of the Concordat of Worms, settling the Investiture Contest between papacy and monarchy.

1125 Lothar II is narrowly elected king. 1127 Conrad III is elected anti-king by the Swabians; start of conflict between the Welfs and the Hohenstaufens.

1129 Fourteenth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

1137 Conrad III is elected king after the death of Lothar II; the start of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.

1144 Rhine Tribunal of 1283 AA: At the order of the Tribunal, three magi form the covenant of Oculus Septentrionalis, dedicated to investigating the Order of Odin.

1146-1147 The Second Crusade widespread slaughter of Jews in many Rhine cities and Würzburg, amidst religious fervor. The Saxons mount their own campaign against the pagan Wends in Pomerania and the northeastern Marches.

1151 Rhine Tribunal of 1290 AA: Dankmar accuses Durenmar of faerie molestation and of plundering faerie sites of the Black Forest for vis; with the support of Crintera, Irencillia, and Fengheld, Durenmar is fined ten pawns of vis to every other covenant in the Tribunal and restricted from taking further vis from faerie sites for fourteen years, unless a peace is made with the fae. The covenant of Triamore is founded, attached to the court of Emperor Conrad III, by magi of the newly formed Apple Gild.

1152 Conrad III dies before being crowned in Rome; he is succeeded by his nephew, Frederick I "Barbarossa."

1155 Ulm becomes a Free Imperial City. 1157 Henry "the Lion," duke of Saxony and rival to Frederick I, seizes the settlement of Lübeck and develops it into a city.

1158 Rhine Tribunal of 1297 AA: The magi of Oculus Septentrionalis are fined for not having fulfilled their charter in establishing a base to study the Order of Odin. Agnes of Irencillia extraordinarily announces a sighting of the Founder Merinita in Bohemia, but little credence is paid to this claim.

1162 Fifteenth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes. The Rhine Tribunal once again loses a boundary dispute over Poland to the Novgorod Tribunal (formerly the New Slavonic Tribunal).

1164 The Relics of the Three Magi are taken by Frederick I from Milan, and placed in the cathedral of Cologne.

1165 Rhine Tribunal of 1304 AA: The covenant of Treverorum are found guilty of interfering in the affairs of mundanes and the Church, given a fine of fifty pawns of vis, and warned in the strongest possible terms to repair relations with the inhabitants of Trier without delay. Oculus Septentrionalis announces its new location in Lübeck to the Tribunal. The Quaesitores, however, prompted by the current troubles of the Tribunal's other city covenant, Treverorum, insist on additions to their charter. The covenant of Terschelling is founded on the Friesian island of the same name.

1168 The island of Rügen is invaded by the Danish king, Valdemar I; the pagan temple of Arkona is broken and christianization of the island begins. Crintera is thrown into confusion and crisis.

1172 Rhine Tribunal of 1311 AA: Treverorum is abandoned by its sole surviving magus and abolished.

1179 Death of Hildegard of Bingen.

1179 Rhine Tribunal of 1318 AA: Primus Urgen of House Bjornaer accuses Oculus Septentrionalis of aiding the Danish invasion of Rügen, and kills its leader Prudentum in a Wizard's War.

1180 Henry's lands in Saxony are divided and he is sent into exile.

1186 Rhine Tribunal of 1325 AA: Crintera is denied permission from the Tribunal to expel the Danish invaders of Rügen under the "Guardians of the Forest" ruling.

1189 Hamburg is granted numerous trade privileges by Frederick I and becomes a Free Imperial City.

1182-1192 The Third Crusade.

1190 The Order of Teutonic Knights is founded in Acre, in Palestine.

1190 Frederick I dies on crusade he is drowned while attempting to cross the River Seleph in Asia Minor on horseback.

1190-1197 Reign of Henry VI.

1191 Avarret of Bonisagus is elevated to Primus of House Bonisagus, marking a return to the conservative philosophy of refining the existing Hermetic theory.

1194 Birth of Frederick, son of Henry VI.

1194 Rhine Tribunal of 1333 AA, occurring a year late to accommodate the Grand Tribunal: Falke of Bjornaer fails to persuade the Tribunal to permit the defense of Crintera.

1195 Sixteenth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

1198 Two rival kings are elected in Germany: Philip of Swabia (Hohenstaufen) and Otto of Brunswick (Welf).

1200 Rhine Tribunal of 1339 AA: Another covenant has been destroyed in the Rhine Gorge — Rheinstein falls to an army of irate mundanes, led by the archbishop of Trier. The Tribunal rules that magi are forbidden from practicing any form of magical activity in the Rhine Gorge, for the next twenty years.

1201 The Danish king Valdemar II "the Victorious" conquers Holstein.

1202 The Livonian Order of the Knights of the Sword is formed in Pomerania and Livonia to prosecute a crusade against the pagans of the Baltic.

1203 Falke of Fengheld covenant becomes Prima of House Bjornaer.

1204 The Fourth Crusade; Constantinople is taken.

1204 A great festival is held at the Wartburg in Thuringia.

1205 Birth of the legendary knight and minstrel Tannhäuser.

1206 Albertus Magnus (later to become a famous natural magician and saint) is born.

1207 Rhine Tribunal of 1346 AA: The new magi of Terschelling controversially rename their covenant Waddenzee, and completely rewrite their charter. After a Quaesitorial investigation, the Tribunal narrowly rules that this does not constitute a new covenant.

1208 Philip of Swabia is murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach, the Count Palatine, in Bamberg.

1209 Otto IV (of Brunswick) is crowned emperor in Rome.

1210 Otto IV is excommunicated (and later deposed).

1213 Before slipping into Final Twilight, Primus Avarret of House Bonisagus selects maga Murion as his successor. This is a deliberate snub to the arguably more qualified Occultes (who he deems too dangerous), and Murion's selection signifies the continued dominance of the conservative philosophy in the House.

1214 The Battle of Bouvines Philip II, king of France, supported by Frederick, defeats the combined armies of Otto IV, the English, and the Flemish.

1214 Frederick II is crowned king in Aachen.

1215 Three Rhine magi found a covenant called Heorot on Zealand (technically territory of the Novgorod Tribunal).

1217 The Fifth Crusade.

1218 Death of Otto IV.

1218 Death of Berthold V, the last Zähringen duke of Swabia. The Hohenstaufens subsume much of the Zähringen lands.

1219 Nuremberg becomes a Free Imperial City.

1220 Frederick II grants a number of customs privileges at the Diet of Frankfurt. He then travels to Rome, vows to undertake a new crusade, and is crowned emperor. He spends the next several years in Italy and Sicily. The hedge wizard Michael Scot becomes his court magician.

1221 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1360 AA.

1225 Thomas Aquinas (later a saint) is born.

1225 Frederick II marries Isabelle of Brienne, heiress to the kingdom of Jerusalem, in Brindisi.

1225 Engelbert I, archbishop of Cologne, is murdered.

1226 Lübeck becomes a Free Imperial City.

1227 Frederick II is excommunicated for delay in embarking on crusade (he and his army are struck with fever). The Danish king Valdemar II is defeated; Holstein and Pomerania return to the Holy Roman Empire.

1227 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1366 AA, held a year earlier than usual to accommodate the Grand Tribunal next year. Gathering of Twelve Years at Crintera.

1228 The Sixth Crusade. Frederick's lands in Italy are invaded by Pope Gregory IX.

1228 Seventeenth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

1229 Frederick II is crowned king of Jerusalem.

1230 The Treaty of San Germano Frederick II and the Pope are reconciled; the emperor is absolved.

1235 Frederick II returns to Germany with a varied retinue of Moors and other foreigners, and a menagerie of exotic animals. He marries the English princess Elizabeth at Worms, and imprisons his rebellious son Henry. The Peace of Mainz — promulgation of the Laws of the Empire by Frederick II, the first imperial law in the German language. An imperial court is established and restrictions are placed on the right of private feuds.

1235 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1374 AA.

1237 The Livonian Order of the Knights of the Sword is reprimanded and subsumed into the Teutonic Order, after numerous excesses in Baltic lands. The Mongols attack and conquer much of eastern Europe. The Teutonic Order, seizing on the weakness of the Russians, attacks them from the west.

1239 Pope Gregory IX excommunicates Frederick II for the second time, labeling him a heretic and beast of the apocalypse.

1239 Gathering of Twelve Years at Crintera.

1240 The Teutonic Knights conquer Prussia.

1241 The Treaty of Hamburg and Lübeck is signed, marking the beginning of the Hanseatic League; in subsequent decades they are joined by many other northern cities.

1242 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1381 AA.

1243 Famine and a plague of rats spread across Germany.

1245 Frederick II is deposed by order of Pope Innocent IV. Frederick's son Conrad struggles to retain control in Germany; the Church is divided between loyalty to the Pope and to Frederick.

1248 Cologne begins construction of a mighty new cathedral, which will be a more fitting home for the Relics of the Three Magi.

1249 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1388 AA.

1249-1252 The Seventh Crusade.

1250 Frederick II dies in Florentina in Italy. He is succeeded by his son Conrad IV. Aachen and Erfurt become Free Imperial Cities.

1251 Gathering of Twelve Years at Crintera.

1254 Death of Conrad IV; the Great Interregnum (a period of nineteen years in which the imperial throne remains empty) begins.

1254 The right to appoint the German king is by now restricted to seven Electors (Kurfürsten): the archbishops of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier, the king of Bohemia, the duke of Saxony, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, and the margrave of Brandenburg.

1254 The Rhine League is formed - an alliance of cities which successfully attacks a number of robber baron castles along the Rhine Gorge. The League supports the claim of William of Holland to the throne, but he dies two years later battling the Friesians.

1256 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1395 AA.

1257 Electors are divided between Richard of Cornwall and King Alfonso of Castile. In the absence of Alfonso, Richard is crowned in Aachen.

1258 Crops fail in Germany; famine and disease follows. The flagellant movement arises as a result, the members of which conduct self-flagellation to atone for the sins for which God is punishing them.

1261 Eighteenth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

1263 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1402 AA, Gathering of Twelve Years at Crintera.

1267 Death of Tannhäuser.

1270 The Eighth Crusade.

1270 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1409 AA.

1273 Rudolf I of Hapsburg is elected; the end of the Great Interregnum.

1273 Thomas Aquinas, having studied under Albertus Magnus, completes the Summa Theologiae.

1274 Death of Thomas Aquinas.

1275 Gathering of Twelve Years at Crintera.

1277 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1416 AA.

1278 The Battle of the Marchfeld - Rudolf I defeats King Otakar of Bohemia near Vienna and claims the duchies of Austria and Styria.

1280 Death of Albertus Magnus.

1284 The Pied Piper of Hamelin miraculously leads away first the city's rats and then (after he is given no payment) the city's children with his magical flute.

1284 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1423 AA.

1287 Gathering of Twelve Years at Crintera.

1288 Cologne becomes a Free Imperial City.

1289 Rudolf I restores order to Thuringia at the Diet of Erfurt.

1291 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1430 AA.

1291 Death of Rudolf I; he is succeeded by Adolf of Nassau.

1294 Nineteenth Grand Tribunal of the Order of Hermes.

1298 Rhine Tribunal Gathering of 1437 AA.

1298 Adolf is deposed and Albrecht, son of Rudolf I, is elected. Albrecht I defeats and slays Adolf at the Battle of Göllheim in the Palatinate.

1299 Gathering of Twelve Years at Crintera.

These works were referred to in writing this supplement, and may be of use to those seeking suggestions for further reading.

• Arnold, B. Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany, Cambridge University Press, 1991
• Barber, M. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050-1320, Routledge, 1992
• Holmes, G. The Oxford History of Medieval Europe, Oxford University Press, 1992
• Fuhrmann, H. Germany in the High Middle Ages c. 1050-1200, Cambridge University Press, 1986
• Kitchen, M. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany, Cambridge University Press, 1996
• Mellersh, H. Chronology of the Ancient World, Helicon Publishing Ltd., Oxford, 1976
• Rietbergen, P. A Short History of the Netherlands, Bekking Publishers, Amersfoort, 2002

• Bruckmüller, E., and Hartmann, P. Putzger Historischer Weltatlas (in German), Cornelsen Verlag, Berlin, 2001
• Kinder, H., and Hilgemann, W. dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte (Band 1) (in German), Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH, 1964
• Parker, G., ed. The Times Atlas of World History, BCA, Times Books, 1994
• Scheuch, M. Historischer Atlas Deutschland (in German), Bechtermünz Verlag, 1997

• Crasemann, J. The Mosel: A guide from Trier to Koblenz, trans. Watson, C., Schöning Verlag
• Hollerbach, E., and Ness, N. Colourphoto Guide: The Rhine from Mainz to Cologne, Rahmel Verlag GmbH
• Jones, H., ed. Eyewitness Travel Guides: Prague, Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 1994
• McLachlan, G. Germany: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides Ltd., Penguin, 1998
• ADAC City Guide Deutschland (in German), ADAC Verlag GmbH, 2003
• The Green Guide: Alsace, Lorraine, Champagne, Michelin Travel Publications, 2003

• Gerritsen, W., and van Melle, A. A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes, trans. Guest, T., Boydell Press, 1998
• Grimm, J. Teutonic Mythology, trans. Stallybrass, J. S., George Bell, London, 1882
• Pepper, E., and Wilcock, J. Magical and Mystical Sites: Europe and the British Isles, Abacus, 1978
• Deutschland ADAC Kompakt Atlas 2002/2003, ADAC Verlag GmbH, 2002

GENERAL REFERENCE AND HISTORY

• Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Main_Page
• The Internet Medieval Sourcebook: http://www. fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html
• The Catholic Encyclopedia:
• http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/

PERIOD WORKS

• Caesar. The Gallic Wars, trans. McDevitte, W., and Bohn, W.:
• http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.html Pliny. Natural History, trans. Bostock, J.,
• and Riley, H.: http://www.perseus. tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup= Plin.+Nat.+toc
• Tacitus. Germania, trans. Gordon, T.: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis /tacitus-germanygord.html
• Gregory of Tours. History of the Franks, trans. Brehaut, E.: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregoryhist.html
• Einhard. The Life of Charlemagne, trans. Turner, S.: http://www.fordham. edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html
• Widukind of Corvey. History of the Saxons (in Latin): http://www.domus-ecclesiae.de/historica/widukindus-corbejus/widukindus.vita.html
• Anonymous. The Nibelungenlied, trans. Shumway, D.: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Nibelungenlied/

GENEALOGY

• Obsidian, B. Regnal Chronologies - Germany: http://www.hostkingdom.net/germany.html
• German Genealogy: http://www.genealogienetz.de/genealogy.html

MYTHS AND LEGENDS

• Ashliman, D. Germanic Myths, Legends, and Sagas: http://www.pitt.edu/\~dash/ mythlinks.html
• Grimm, J. Teutonic Mythology: http://www. northvegr.org/lore/grimmst/index.php
• Morscher, W. Anthology of German Myths and Legends: http://www.sagen.at/english/index.html
• Ruland, W. Legends of the Rhine: http://www.kellscraft.com/LegendsRhine/legendsrhinecontents.html

GEOGRAPHY AND SPECIFIC SITES

• Duckeck, J. Geological Maps of Germany: http://www.showcaves.com/english/de/Maps/index.html
• Ruseler, G. Megalithen und Hünengräber (Megaliths and Megalithic Tombs) (in German, with machine translation): http://www.stonepages.de/
• Meijer, H. Dolmens in the Netherlands: http://users.bart.nl/\~jbmeijer/frntpage.htm
• Bertaux, C. Grand (Andresina): http://www. exagonline.com/grand/index2.htm
• Washausen, T. The Teufelsmoor: http://www.washausen.de/fischerhude/sh42c.htm
• The Rhinefalls: http://www.rhinefalls.com/

MISCELLANEOUS

• Mittleman, J. Medieval Naming Guides German: http://www.s-
• gabriel.org/names/german.shtml Mulford, M. The Forest in German Consciousness: http://www.frontiernet.net/ ~mmulford/FOREST.HTM
• Lerman, K. The Life and Works of Hildegard of Bingen: http://www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/hildegarde.html
• Gardner, R., Gaston, N., and Masson, R. Tolling the Rhine in 1254 - Complementary Monopoly Revisited: http://www.indiana.edu/\~workshop/papers/gardner\_102802.pdf
• LEO English-German Dictionary: http://dict.leo.org/